FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.
UTERUS (hister, metra).=(
U.)
Wall of
U. is composed of 3 tunics: 1)ENDOMETRIUM =tun. mucosa
2)MYOMETRIUM =tun. muscularis 3)PERIMETRIUM = tun. serosa
ENDOMETRIUM is composed of 2 tissues :1)simple columnar epithelium,
2) lamina propria (loose irreg. conn, tiss. +
straight arteries +
spiral, or helical, arteries ).
Epithelium forms
UTERINE GLANDS – tubular invaginations of epithelium in lam.propria.
Epithel. cells, located in glands
secretory portion (or gland
bottom) – is
BASAL layer.
Epithel. cells, located in glands
ducts and between glands – is
FUNCTIONAL layer.
Straight arteries supply basal layer,
spiral arteries supply functional layer.
OVARIAN-MENSTRUAL cycle is 28-day cycle = (
OMC).
1st day of OMC
– is 1
st day of
uterine , or MENSRUAL, BLEEDING. 4th day of OMC
– is LAST day of menstrual hemorragie.
14th day correspondes to OVULATION.
28th day correspondes to
ISCHEMIA and NECROSIS of functional layer.
1
st phase of OMC – is MENSTRUAL phase (phase of DESQUAMATION). Since 1
st till 4
th day.
2
nd phase of OMC – is POSTMENSTRUAL phase (PROLIFERATIVE phase). Days 5
th to 14th.
3
rd phase of OMC – is SECRETORY phase (LUTEAL phase). Days 15
th to 28
th.
1st, MENSTRUAL phase: a)
bleeding from
ruptured spiral arteries, b)NECROTIC functional layer is discharged (or,
desquamated).
2nd, PROLIFERATIVE phase. Events in ovary: active FOLLICULOGENESIS happens, leading to formation of secondary and Graafian follicles. It secrete
ESTROGENS. It stimulate
proliferation (mitosis) of epithelium in BASAL layer,
leading to REGENERATION of functional layer, of uterine glands, of spiral arteries.
3rd , SECRETORY phase: after OVULATION on day 14
th CORPUS LUTEUM is developed. During 3
rd phase it secretes
PROGESTERON. It causes appearance in uterine glands 2 cell types: ciliated cells and
secretory cells. During 3
rd phase glands
SECRETE uterine fluid (mixture of proteins and glycosaminoglycans). Fibroblasts of lamina propria diff. in predecidual cells (a lot of glycogen in cytoplasm). Spiral arteries become maximally developed. During day 27
th of OMC corpus luteum undergoes of
involution. It causes decreasing of progesterone level, leading to CONSTRICTION of spiral arteries,
ischemia and
necrosis of functional layer.
MYOMETRIUM is composed of : Smooth muscle cells +endomysium + many ARTERIES.
Smooth muscle cells form 3 layers: a)inner and outer are longitudinal, b)middle is circular and richly
VASCULARIZED (arcuate arteries). Regeneration :after
wide dissection of myometrium (cesarien section),
new smooth muscle cells in zone of operation are
NOT developed. But wounded surface is replaced by collagen
SCAR.
Oxytocin stimulates myometrium
contraction.
PERIMETRIUM = tun. serosa. (loose irregular connect. tiss. + MESOTHELIUM).
MAMMARY GLAND.=(
MG).
1)
LACTATING MG – is milk-secreting gland. It is composed of:1)15-20 LOBES, 2)collagenous connective tissue+adipose tissue between lobes. These 2 tissues form
stroma of MG. Lobe - is compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland and is composed of glandular
epithelium. It is
parenchyma of MG. Each gland has 2 portions :1)
secretory portion (or,
ALVEOLUS) and 2) lactiferous
excretory duct.
ALVEOLUS has 2 layers of cells :a)inner presented by ALVEOLAR secretory cell (COLUMNAR epithelial cell with abundance of rER and lipid droplets). Funct.:secretion of milk components (casein, lipids, lactose), b)outer is comp. of MYOEPITHELIAL cells. It are STAR-shaped (with processes). Funct.: contraction. In lactating MG parenchyma (ALVEOLI) quantitively predominate above stroma.
Prolactin stimulates milk
synthesis in alveolar cell. Oxytocin stimulates milk
ejection.
2)
NONlactating (resting) MG of nonpregnant women. It structure is similar to lactating MG: (LOBES, stroma, lactiferous excretory ductuli…) BUT: Stroma quantitively predominates above parenchyma (too much collagenous connective tissue+ adipose tissue). Parenchyme presented by
one component only – by system of
lactiferous ductuli.
ALVEOLI are
ABSENT.
Составитель – доцент В.В. Бондаренко.